CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Turkish Commercial Law
1. Turkish Commercial Law
27
1.1. Turkish Commercial Code Law No. 6102
28
1.2. Relation Of The TCC, TCL, And TCO
29
1.3. Turkish Protection of Competition Code Law No. 4054 (TCPC)
30
1.4. Turkish Capital Market Law No. 6362 (TCML)
31
1.5. Turkish Law of Checks Law No. 5941 (TLC)
31
CHAPTER 2 Commercial Enterprise in Turkish Commercial Law
1. Commercial Enterprıse And Its Factors
35
1.1. Exceeding The Limits Of A Craftsperson’s Income
35
1.2. Aim To Gain Income
36
2. Centre And Branch Offıces
37
CHAPTER 3 Commercial Matters Commercial Provisions Commercial Litigation
1.1. Determining Commercial Matters
43
1.1.1. Matters Regulated by the TCC
44
1.1.2. Matters Related with Commercial Enterprises
44
1.1.3. Presumption of Commercial Matters
45
1.1.4. Matters That Are Commercıal For One Of The Parties
46
1.2. Results of Commercial Matters
46
1.2.1. Presumption Of Solidarity
46
1.2.2. Interest In Commercial Matters
47
1.2.3. Exceedıng The Maximum Upper Limit In Commercial Matters
48
1.2.4. Lapse Of Time In Commercial Matters
49
2. Commercial Provisions
50
2.1. Provisions That Can Be Applied To Commercial Matters
51
2.1.1. Statutory Provisions Of Law
51
2.1.2. Contractual Provisions
52
2.1.3. Complementary Commercial Provision
52
2.1.4. Commercial Usage and Custom
53
2.1.5. General Provisions
53
3. Commercial Litigation
54
3.1.1. Peremptory Commercial Cases
54
3.1.2. Proportional Commercial Cases
55
3.2. Commercial Courts in the Turkish Legal System
56
1. Natural Person Traders
59
1.1. Existence Of A Commercial Enterprise
60
1.2. Operating A Commercial Enterprise
60
1.3.Perating Commercial Enterprises On Behalf Of Oneself
62
2. Special Provisions On Natural Person Traders
63
2.1. Traders As MinorsUnder The Care Of A Guardian
63
2.2. People Debarred From Commerce
63
3. Corporate Legal Person Traders
64
3.1. Commercial Companies As Traders
65
3.2. Associations That Operate Commercial Companies
65
3.3. Other Institutions
65
4. Provisions And Results Of Traders
66
4.3. Registering With The Trade Registry
68
4.4.Maintainıng Commercial Books
69
4.5. Actıng As A Prudent Businessperson
69
4.6. Denunciations And Notices
69
4.7.Presumption Of Commercial Affairs
69
4.8.Right To Ask For Payment And Interest
70
4.9. Invoices And Confirmation Letters
71
4.10. Decreases Of Payments And Contracts
71
4.11. Provision Of The Right Of Lien
72
4.12. Registering To Related Chambers
73
4.13.Trade Usage And Custom
73
CHAPTER 5 Assistants Of Traders
1. Dependent Trader Assistants
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1.1. Commercial Representatives
77
1.2. Commercial Deputies
80
1.3. Marketing Associates
82
1.3.1. Obligations Of Marketing Associates
84
1.3.1.1. Following Instructions
84
1.3.1.2. Prohibition From Competition
84
1.3.1.3. Rendering Information
85
1.3.1.4. Lack Of Warranty Obligations
85
1.3.1.5. Working In Commercial Enterprises —Workplace
86
1.3.2. Marketing Associates’ Rights
86
1.3.2.1. Right To Payment
87
1.3.2.2. Right To Monopoly
87
1.3.2.3. Right To Ask For Expenses
88
1.3.2.4. Right of Lien
88
1.3.3. End of Marketing Associate Contracts
89
1.3.3.1. Special Results
90
2. Independent Trader Assistants
90
2.1.1. Payment of Fees
92
2.1.2. Termination of Intermedıary Contracts
93
2.2.1. Competences of Agents
95
2.2.1.1. Transactions and rights–protecting statements
95
2.2.1.2. Competences in courts and litigations
96
2.2.1.3. Transactions with permissionprocuration
96
2.2.1.4. Transactions with permissionprocuration
97
2.2.2. Agents’ Obligations
97
2.2.2.1. Protecting Traders’ Interests
97
2.2.2.2. Liability For Damages
98
2.2.2.3. Notification Of Clients
98
2.2.2.4. Taking Precautions
99
2.2.3. Rights Of Agents
100
2.2.3.1. Right To Remuneration
100
2.2.3.2. Extraordinary Expenses and Interest
103
2.2.3.3. Right To Lien
103
2.2.4. Obligations of Client Traders
104
2.2.5. Termination Of The Agency Contract
105
2.2.7. Prohibition Of Compensation
108
2.3.1. Commissioners In The TCO
110
2.3.1.1. Obligations of Commissioners In the TCO
111
2.3.1.2. Rights of Commissioners In the TCO
111
2.3.2. Commissioners In The TCC
113
2.3.2.1. Obligations Of Freight Forwards In The TCC
113
2.3.2.2. Rights Of Freight Forwards
114
CHAPTER 6 Commercial Books Trade Registry Open Account
CHAPTER 7 Trade Name Commercial Enterprise Name Trademarks
1.2. Forms Of Trade Names
128
1.2.1. Trade Names Of Natural Person Traders
128
1.2.2. Trade Names Of Legal Entıty Traders
128
1.2.2.1. Ordinary Partnerships
129
1.2.2.2. Collective Partnerships And Commandite Companies
129
1.2.2.3. Joint Stock, Limited, And Cooperatives
129
1.2.2.4. Associations, Foundations, and Associations of Ship–owners
130
1.2.3. Annexes of Trade Names
130
1.3. Continuity And Turnover Of Trade Names, And Branch Office Trade Names
131
1.4. Protection Of Trade Names
132
2. Commercial Enterprise Names
133
3.1. Protectıon of Trademark
135
CHAPTER 8 Investment, Intellectual Property and Patent Rights
1. Two Important International Legal Documents
143
2. IP And Patent Rights In Turkish Domestic Law
145
3. Trademarks And Investment
146
4. Patents And Investments
148
5. Industrial Design And Investment
150
6. Geographical Indications And Investment
152
CHAPTER 9 A Brief Introduction to Unfair Competition
1. Unfair Competition And Its Elements
155
2. Results Of Unfair Competition
157
2.1.1. Declaratory Judgment Action
158
2.1.2. Actions To Prevent Unfair Competition
158
2.1.3. Action For Restitution
158
2.1.4. Actions For Compensation
159
2.2. Criminal Results
159
CHAPTER 10 Commercial Companies
1. Ordinary Partnerships
165
1.1. Dissolution Of Ordinary Partnerships
167
2. Collective Partnerships
168
2.1. The Function Of Collective Partnerships
170
2.1.1. Right To Govern
170
2.1.2. Right To Pay Interest
171
2.1.3. Right To Audit
171
2.1.4. Sharing Of Profits And Losses
172
2.1.5. Prohibition Of Competition
172
2.2. Dissolution Of Collective Companies
173
3. Commandite Companies
174
4. Joint Stock Companies
178
4.1. Establishment Of Joint Stock Companies
178
4.2. Functioning Of Joint Stock Companies
179
4.2.1. BoD In Joint Stock Companies
179
4.2.1.1. BoD Duties And Powers In Joint Stock Companies
183
4.2.1.2. BoD Obligations In Joint Stock Companies
184
4.2.1.3. Bod Member Liabilities
189
4.2.2. Auditors in Joint Stock Companies
190
4.2.3. GA In Joint Stock Companies
194
4.2.3.1. General Provisions On GA Functioning
196
4.2.3.2. Right To Information
199
4.2.3.3. Right To Request Special Audit
200
4.2.3.4. Privileged Shares
201
4.2.3.5. Action To Nullity And Invalidity Of GA Decisions
203
4.2.3.6. Changing The Articles Of Association
204
4.2.3.7. Shares, Share Certificates, And Securities
206
4.2.3.8. Dissolution/Liquidation Of Joint Stock Companies
208
5. Limited Partnerships Divided Into Shares
212
6.1. Rights And Duties Of Shareholders
216
6.2. Organs Of Limited Companies: GA And Managers
219
6.3. Dissolution and Liquidation of limited Companies
225
CHAPTER 11 Legal Framework of Company Merger and Takeover
1. TCC, Merger, Takeover, Etc.
230
2. TCPC (Law No. 4054)
234
3. TCML (Law No. 6362)
237
CHAPTER 12 Outbound Acquisitions of Turkish Companies
1. General Information And Procedures
245
2. Law On The Protection Of The Value Of The Turkish Currency (LPTC)
247
4. Mutual Investment Incitement And Protection (MIIP) Treaties
249
5. Double Taxation Treaty (DTT)
251
CHAPTER 13 A Brief Introduction to Commercial Papers
1. General Provisions
255
2. Negotiable Instruments As Commercial Papers
257
2.1. Bills Of Exchange
257
2.1.2. Responsibilities Of Signatories And Issuers
259
2.2. Promissory Notes
259
2.2.1. Responsibilities Of Issuers
260
CHAPTER 14 A Brief Introduction to Commercial Maritime Law
1. What is Commercial Maritime Law?
264
2. Commercial Maritime Law in TCC
264
4. Maritime Trade Agreements
265
5. International Law and Commercial Maritime Law
266
CHAPTER 15 A Brief Introduction to Turkish Insurance Law
1. Parties of Turkish Insurance Contracts
269
2. Subject Matters of Insurance, Obligations of Insurer and Obligations of Insured
270
3. Reinsurance and End of Insurance Contract
273
4. Some Important Terms in Insurance Law
273
CHAPTER 16 Capital Market Board
1. Capital Market Board
278