COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISE / BUSINESS LAW
I. INTRODUCTION TO TURKISH COMMERCIAL LAW
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A. Concept of Commerce
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B. Unique Character of Commercial Law
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C. Classification of Commercial Law
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D. Relationship between Commercial Law and Economic Law
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E. Globalisation of Commercial Law
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F. History of Commercial Law
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G. Structure of the Turkish Code of Commerce
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H. Commercial Law Systems
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4. Turkish Code of Commerce’s Unique Character
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II. COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISE
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A. Conceptual Elements of Commercial Enterprise
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B. Asset Elements of Commercial Enterprise
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C. Structural Elements of Commercial Enterprise
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a. d Elements of Branch
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b. Consequences Connected to Being a Branch
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D. Transfer of Commercial Enterprise
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1. Essentials of Transfer of Commercial Enterprise
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2. Scope of the Commercial Enterprise Transfer
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3. Legal Consequences of the Commercial Enterprise Transfer
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III. COMMERCIAL AFFAIR
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A. Conceptual Elements of Commercial Affairs
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B. Particular Legal Consequences of Having the Nature of Commercial Affair
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1. Presumption of Joint Liability
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2. Presumption of Joint Surety / Bail
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3. Different Provisions Related to Interest in Commercial Affairs
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IV. COMMERCIAL PROVISIONS / TERMS
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V. COMMERCIAL JURISDICTION
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A. Commercial Cases / Lawsuits
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1. Absolute Commercial Cases
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2. Commercial Cases Arising from Remittance Agreement, Retention Agreement and the Copyright
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3. Relative Commercial Cases
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B. Competent Courts in Commercial Litigation
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C. Special Procedural Rules to be Applied in Commercial Cases / Lawsuits
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A. Real Person Merchant
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B. Legal Person (Entity) Merchants
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1. Commercial / Trading Companies
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4. Public Economic Enterprises
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C. Consequences Linked to Being Merchant
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1. Being Subject to Bankruptcy
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2. Keeping Commercial Books
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3. Being Subject to Commercial Customs
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4. Obligation to Behave like a Prudent Businessman
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5. Using a Trading Name
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6. Ability to Charge Fee and Interest
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7. Fulfilling the Registration Obligation
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8. Benefiting from the Right of Stoppage Easily
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D. Exceptional Provisions that can be applied to Artisans
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VII. MERCHANT ASSISTANTS
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A. Types of Merchant Assistants
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1. Commercial Representative
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B. Classifications of Merchant Assistants
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1. Dependent merchant assistants – Independent merchant assistants
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2. Merchant assistants who have a permanent relationship with the merchant – Merchant assistants who have a temporary relationship with the merchant
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3. Merchant assistants regulated in the Turkish Code of Obligations–Merchant assistants regulated in the Turkish Code of Commerce
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A. Transactions in the Trade Register
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1. Types of Trade Register Transactions
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2. Trade Register Procedure
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3. Possible Results of the Examine by Trade Registry Office
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4. Temporary Registration
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5. Effects of Registration
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a. Founding–Explanatory Effect of Registration
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aa. Founding Effect of Registration
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bb. Explanatory Effect of Registration
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b. Positive–Negative Effect of Registration
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aa. Positive Effect of Registration
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bb. Negative Effect of Registration
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A. The Scope (Elements) of the Commercial Bookkeeping Obligation
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B. Preserving the Commercial Books
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C. Legal Consequences as Sanctions of Non–Performance of Commercial Bookkeeping Obligation
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D. Evidence Capacity of Commercial Books
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A. Current Account Contract
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B. The Functioning of Current Account
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C. Termination of Current Account
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XI. TRADING NAME AND BUSINESS NAME
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1. Format of Trading Name
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a. Core of the Trading Name
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b. Appendix of the Trading Name
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2. Effect of Trading Name Registration
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XII. UNFAIR COMPETITION
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A. Unfair Competition Practices
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B. Legal Consequences of Unfair Competition
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I. CONCEPT OF THE COMPANY
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4. Common Purpose Element
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5. Active Effort Element
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C. Classification of the Companies
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1. Companies With Legal Personalities – Companies Without Legal Personalities
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2. Companies According to the Laws in which They Are Regulated
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3. Companies Subject to Limited Liability – Companies Subject to Unlimited Liability
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4. Personal Companies – Capital Companies
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II. ORDINARY PARTNERSHIPS
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A. Characteristic Features of Ordinary Partnerships
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B. General Features of Ordinary Partnerships
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C. Establishment of Ordinary Partnerships
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D. Functioning of Ordinary Partnerships
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1. Management of Ordinary Partnerships
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2. Representation of Ordinary Partnerships
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3. Property Regime in Ordinary Partnerships
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4. Share of Profit and Loss by the Partners
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E. Right for Audit and Duty of Loyalty of the Partners
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F. Liability Regime in Ordinary Partnerships
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G. Termination of Ordinary Partnerships
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III. GENERAL PROVISIONS OF COMMERCIAL COMPANIES
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A. Determination and Classification of Commercial Companies
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B. Capacity of the Commercial Companies to Acquire Rights and Undertake Debts
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C. Capital Investment Liability for the Partners in Commercial Companies
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D. Claims of Personal Creditors of the Partners of the Commercial Companies
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E. Structural Changes in Commercial Companies
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b. Preconditions for Merger
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2. Type Change (Conversion)
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a. Preconditions for Type Change
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b. Stages of Type Change
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b. Preconditions of Division
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IV. JOINT–STOCK COMPANIES
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A. General Features of Joint–Stock Companies
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B. Establishment of Joint–stock Companies
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C. Bodies (Organs) of Joint–Stock Companies
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D. Audit in Joint–Stock Companies
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E. Capital System in Joint–Stock Companies
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G. Termination of the Joint–Stock Companies
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1. Reasons for Termination
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2. Moment of the Termination
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V. LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANIES
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A. General Features of Limited Liability Companies
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B. Establishment of the Limited Liability Companies
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C. Bodies of the Limited Liability Company
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D. Capital Shares in Limited Liability Companies
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E. Termination of Limited Liability Companies
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1. Reasons for Termination
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2. Moment of the Termination
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NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS LAW
I. CONCEPT OF NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS
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3. Close and Strong Relationship Between Bill and Right
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C. Characteristic Features of Negotiable Instruments
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2. Limited Number (Numerus Clausus) Principle
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3. Subject to Strict and Aggravated Form Conditions
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D. Classification of the Negotiable Instruments
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II. NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS ACCORDING TO TRANSFER FORMS
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A. Negotiable Instruments Written to the Register (Name)
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B. Negotiable Instruments Written to the Order
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C. Negotiable Instrument Written to the Bearer
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D. Type Change of Negotiable Instruments
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E. Cancellation of Negotiable Instruments due to Loss
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A. Types of Commercial Bills
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B. Characteristic Features of Commercial Bills
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C. Relationship Between Commercial Bills and Basic Debt Relationship
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D. The Capacity ment for Commercial Bills
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IV. FORM ELEMENTS FOR THE VALIDATION OF COMMERCIAL BILLS
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V. THE FUNDAMENTAL INSTITUTIONS AND CONCEPTS OF COMMERCIAL BILLS
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A. Institution of Acceptance in Bill of Exchange
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B. Transfer of Commercial Bills
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C. Bill Guarantee in Commercial Bills
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D. Payment in Commercial Bills
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E. Non–Payment of Commercial Bills
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G. Statute of Limitations in Commercial Bills
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H. Exceptional Claim Ways in Case of Loss of Right in Commercial Bills
93
I. Special Regulation of Cheque in Cheque Code Numbered 5941
94
Multiple Choices Questions (Fill in the blanks with the correct choice)
105
RECOMMENDED RESOURCES
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1. Commercial Enterprise / Business Law
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3. Negotiable Instruments Law
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