PANDEMICS: UNIQUE THREATS TO IPAS
1. IPaS in the UN Charter
23
2. Peace and Security as Components of IPaS
28
3. Categories of Threats to IPaS
33
3.1. Conventional Threats
35
3.1.1. Inter–State Situations
35
3.1.2. Intra–State Situations
38
3.2. Non–Conventional Threats
42
3.2.1. International Terrorism
42
3.2.2. Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs)
44
3.2.3. Unanswered Threat: Climate Change
47
4. The Last Member of the Family: Pandemics
49
4.1. What Changed the Perception of the UN Security
Council Towards Pandemics?
50
4.2. Pandemics For Which the Security Council Issued
RETHINKING IPAS THROUGH THE LENS OF VIOLENCE
1. Violence as a Framework for Peace
67
2. Violence, Peace, and Pandemics: Galtung’s Theory as
2.1. Galtung’s Formula of Violence
78
2.1.1. Dimensions of Violence
80
2.1.2. Types of Violence
81
2.1.3. Defining Peace Through Violence
84
3. Violence and Peace in the Times of Pandemics
87
3.1. Dimensions of Violence That Pandemics Cause
88
3.2. Types of Violence That Pandemics Cause
93
3.3. Re–defining Pandemic–Driven Violence:
3.3.1. Defining Peace through Pandemioviolence
104
THE SECURITY COUNCIL'S PERFORMANCE AGAINST PANDEMIOVIOLENCE
1. Defining the Approach of the Security Council Towards
1.2. Post–2000 Period
108
2. The Security Council in Theory: Re–reading the Council’s
Resolutions to Address Pandemioviolence
115
2.7. Complementary Resolutions
127
3. The Security Council in Practice: Combating
Pandemioviolence through UN Peace Missions
130
3.1. Background of UN Peace Missions
131
3.2. Shortcomings of Current Missions
134
3.3. Efficacy of Current Missions Against Pandemioviolence
137