Turkish Private Law Prof. Dr. Mehmet Refik Korkusuz, Doç. Dr. Ferna İpekel Kayalı - Kitap

Turkish Private Law

2. Baskı, 
Ağustos 2020
Kitabın Detayları
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İngilizce
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16x24
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471
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9789750261701
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Karton Kapaklı
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Seçkin Yayıncılık
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Kitabın Açıklaması
Turkish law has undergone drastic changes over the last 15 years. Indeed, new laws have been enacted and several laws have been amended to modernize and bring Turkish legislation in line with the EU acquis communautaire. For this reason, this book aims to provide an overview of the current Turkish private law. It aspires to serve as a blueprint not only for foreign students and academics, but also for international law firms and organizations. Great care has been given to incorporate the most recent legislation, court decisions, and statistical information.
This book includes eighteen chapters and deals with Civil Law, Property Law, Law of Obligations, Individual Labour Law, Collective Labour Law, Social Security Law, Law on Occupational Health and Safety, Law of Commercial Enterprise, Company Law, Law of Negotiable Instruments, Maritime Law, Insurance Law, Intellectual Property Law, Competition Law, Civil Procedure Law, Execution Law, Bankruptcy and Insolvency Law, and Private International Law.
Kitabın Konu Başlıkları
.
Civil Law
.
Labour Law
.
Company Law
.
Maritime Law
.
Insurance Law
.
Intellectual Property Law
.
Competition Law
.
Civil Procedure Law
Kitapla İlgili Kategoriler
Yorumlar
Kitabın İçindekileri
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Chapter 1
TURKISH CIVIL LAW
 Prof. Dr. Ümit GEZDER Res. Asst. Yasin BÜYÜK Res. Asst. M. Hasanali AKAY Res. Asst. Melike ERGÜN 
37
Chapter 2
TURKISH PROPERTY LAW
 Prof. Dr. Ümit GEZDER 
59
Chapter 3
SELECTED CONTRACTS IN TURKISH LAW OF OBLIGATIONS
 Res. Asst. Hasanali AKAY Res. Asst. Murat UÇAK 
79
Chapter 4
TURKISH INDIVIDUAL LABOUR LAW
 Prof. Dr. M. Refik KORKUSUZ Res. Asst. Ömer UĞUR 
111
Chapter 5
TURKISH COLLECTIVE LABOUR LAW
 Prof. Dr. M. Refik KORKUSUZ Res. Asst. Muhammed İsmail ÇEKİÇ Res. Asst. Didem YALÇINTAŞ 
139
Chapter 6
TURKISH SOCIAL SECURITY LAW
 Prof. Dr. M. Refik KORKUSUZ Res. Asst. Ebru KARABACAK 
161
Chapter 7
TURKISH LAW ON OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
 Prof. Dr. M. Refik KORKUSUZ Asst. Prof. Dr. M. Halit KORKUSUZ 
209
Chapter 8
TURKISH LAW OF COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISE
 Res. Asst. Emin ÇAMURCU 
223
Chapter 9
TURKISH COMPANY LAW
 Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ferna İPEKEL KAYALI 
239
Chapter 10
TURKISH LAW OF NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS
 Res. Asst. Hasan Onur AKAY 
261
Chapter 11
TURKISH MARITIME LAW
 Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hacı KARA 
279
Chapter 12
TURKISH INSURANCE LAW
 Res. Asst. Sena YAZICI 
347
Chapter 13
TURKISH INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW
 Asst. Prof. Dr. Özgür ARIKAN 
365
Chapter 14
TURKISH COMPETITION LAW
 Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ferna İPEKEL KAYALI 
385
Chapter 15
TURKISH CIVIL PROCEDURE LAW
 Res. Asst. Dr. Elif Irmak BÜYÜK 
411
Chapter 16
TURKISH EXECUTION LAW
 Nefise Gökçen GÜRCAN Res. Asst. Çağatay Serdar ŞAHİN 
445
Chapter 17
TURKISH BANKRUPTCY LAW
 Res. Asst. Mehmet Akif GÜL 
463
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD 
5
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 
7
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
11
Chapter 1
TURKISH CIVIL LAW
 Prof. Dr. Ümit GEZDER Res. Asst. Yasin BÜYÜK Res. Asst. M. Hasanali AKAY Res. Asst. Melike ERGÜN 
37
I. History 
37
II. Introduction 
38
III. Law of Persons 
38
A. Beginning and End of Personality: 
39
B. Ability to be Subject of the Rights and Obligations: 
39
C. Capacity to Act: 
40
1. Full Capacity (Art. 9–13 TCC) 
40
2. Full Incapacity (Art. 15 TCC) 
41
3. Limited Capacity (Art. 16 TCC) 
41
IV. Family Law 
42
A. Engagement 
42
B. Marriage 
42
1. Formalities of Marriage 
43
2. Marriage Impediments (Art. 129–133 TCC) 
43
C. Divorce 
44
V. Law of Succession 
45
A. Forced Heirs 
46
1. Wills and Testamentary Contracts 
46
VI. Turkish Obligation Law – General Provisions 
47
A. Contracts 
47
1. Capacity to Contract 
48
2. Formation of the Contract 
48
3. Conditions of Validity 
49
a. Immorality 
49
b. Public Order 
49
c. Imperative Rules 
49
d. Personal Rights 
50
e. Impossibility 
50
4. Form of the Contract 
50
5. Genuineness of Assent 
51
a. Mistake 
51
b. Fraud 
52
c. Coercion 
52
B. Torts 
52
1. General 
52
2. Conditions 
52
3. Compensation 
53
C. Unjust Enrichment 
53
VII. Special Provisions 
53
A. Classification of Contracts That Are Regulated By Special Provisions 
54
1. Classification of contracts by their subject and purpose. 
54
a. Sales Contracts 
54
b. Barter 
54
c. Donation Contracts 
54
d. Other types of contracts 
54
i. Rental Contract 
54
ii. Contract of Loan of an Object for Use and Contract of Loan of an Object for Consume 
55
e. Contract of bailment 
55
f. Contracts of guarantee 
55
2. Contracts that are not regulated in the Code 
55
a. Combined Contracts 
55
b. Mixed Contracts 
55
Bibliography 
56
Chapter 2
TURKISH PROPERTY LAW
 Prof. Dr. Ümit GEZDER 
59
I. Generally 
59
A. Property right 
59
II. Immovable Property 
59
III. Real Rights (Rights in Rem) 
60
A. Limited rights in rem 
60
1. Servitudes 
60
2. Real burdens 
60
a. Lien 
60
b. Mortgage 
61
IV. Possession 
61
V. Land Register 
61
A. Generally 
61
B. The role of registration in the transfer of title 
61
1. Introduction 
61
2. Relevant Turkish rules 
62
3. The publicity principle and the registration principle 
63
a. The Absolute Registration Principle (absolutes Eintragungsprinzip) 
64
(1) Generally 
64
(2) Nature and meaning of this principle 
66
(3) The reason for the absolute registration principle 
66
(4) Transfer of ownership of real estate through land registration
(the field of application of the absolute registration principle) 
66
(a) Generally 
66
(b) Elements of the transfer 
67
b. The relative registration principle (relative Eintragungsprinzips) 
74
4. Conclusion 
74
Bibliography 
76
Chapter 3
SELECTED CONTRACTS IN TURKISH LAW OF OBLIGATIONS
 Res. Asst. Hasanali AKAY Res. Asst. Murat UÇAK 
79
SECTION I CONTRACT FOR WORK AND SERVICES 
79
I. General 
79
II. Definition 
79
III. Obligations of the Contractor 
80
A. Duty of Care 
80
B. Duty of Loyalty 
81
C. Obligation Regarding the Material 
81
D. Commencement of the Work and Performance of the Work Related with the Contract 
82
E. Liability for Defect 
83
IV. Obligations of the Customer 
84
A. Payment 
84
1. Due Date for Payment 
84
2. Lump Sum Price 
84
3. Price Ad Valorem 
85
V. Termination of the Contract 
85
A. Exceeding the Approximate Price (Art. 482 CO) 
85
B. Destruction of the Work (Art. 483 CO) 
86
C. Withdrawal in Return for Indemnity (Art. 484 CO) 
86
D. Impossibility of the Performance of the Work Because of the Customer
(Art. 485 CO) 
86
E. DeathIncapacity of the Contractor (Art. 486 CO) 
87
SECTION II GENERAL EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS 
87
I. Definition 
87
II. Elements of the Employment Contract 
87
A. Obligation to Work 
87
B. To Undertake the Performance of the Work for a LimitedUnlimited Period 
88
C. Payment 
88
D. Dependency Relation 
88
E. Agreement 
89
III. Obligations of the Employee 
89
A. Duty to Assume the Tasks in Person 
89
B. Compliance with General Directives and Instructions 
90
C. Duty of Care 
90
D. Duty of Loyalty 
91
E. Disclosure and Handing Over of Benefits Received and of the Work Produced 
92
F. Duty to Work Overtime 
92
IV. Obligations of the Employer 
92
A. Payment of Wages 
92
B. Obligation to Provide Tools and Material 
93
C. Obligation to Bear the Expenses 
93
D. Obligation of the Employer Related to the Protection of the Employee’s Personality Rights 
94
E. Obligation to Comply with the Employee’s Right to Holiday and Leave 
95
V. Termination of the Employment Contract 
95
A. Termination of the Fixed–Term Employment Contract 
95
B. Termination of the Employment Contract with Indefinite Term 
96
C. Rightful Termination of the Employment Contract 
96
D. Termination of the Employment Contract Upon Death 
97
SECTION III LEASE CONTRACT 
97
I. Definition and Parties of the Lease 
98
II. Term of the Lease 
98
III. Obligations of the LandlordLessor 
98
VI. Obligations of the LesseeTenant 
100
V. Special Cases 
100
VI. End of Lease 
102
VII. Provisions Related to Commercial and Residential Premises 
103
SECTION IV CONTRACT OF MANDATE 
106
I. Definition and Scope of Application 
106
II. Obligations of the Mandatary 
108
III. Obligations of the Mandator 
109
IV. Termination of the Mandate 
109
Bibliography 
110
Chapter 4
TURKISH INDIVIDUAL LABOUR LAW
 Prof. Dr. M. Refik KORKUSUZ Res. Asst. Ömer UĞUR 
111
SECTION I GENERAL 
111
I. Basic Concepts of Individual Labour Law 
111
A. Employee 
111
B. Employer 
112
C. Apprentice (Çırak) 
113
D. Intern (Stajyer) 
113
E. Contract of Employment (İş Sözleşmesi) 
114
II. Scope of the Labour Code 
114
A. Workswithin the Scope of the Labour Code 
114
B. Worksoutside the Scope of the Labour Code 
115
SECTION II TYPES OF CONTRACT OF EMPLOYMENT 
117
I. General 
117
II. Transitory and Permanent Contract of Employment 
117
A. Transitory Contract of Employment (Süreksiz İş Sözleşmesi) 
118
B. Permanent Contract of Employment (Sürekli İş Sözleşmesi) 
118
C. Consequences of the Distinction between Transitory and Permanent Contract of Employment 
118
III. Contract of Employment with Indefinite Term and Definite Term 
118
A. Contract of Employment with an Indefinite Term (Belirsiz Süreli İş Sözleşmesi) 
119
B. Contract of Employment with a Definite Term (Belirli Süreli İş Sözleşmesi) 
119
1. Legal ments of the Contract of Employment with a Definite Term 
119
IV. Part Time and Full Time Contract of Employment 
120
V. Contract of Employment with Trial Period (Deneme Süreli İş Sözleşmesi) 
121
SECTION III TERMINATION OF THE CONTRACT OF EMPLOYMENT 
122
I. Situations Resulting in the Termination of the Contract of Employment 
122
A. Mutual Rescission (İkale) 
122
B. End of the Fixed Term 
122
C. Death 
123
II. Termination of the Contract of Employment upon Notice (İş Sözleşmesinin Bildirimli Feshi) 
123
A. General 
123
B. Termination Notice Periods (Fesih Bildirim Süreleri) 
124
III. Termination of the Contract of Employment upon Notice that Contains a Valid Ground (İş Sözleşmesinin Geçerli Nedenle Feshi) 
125
A. General 
125
B. Valid Grounds for Termination 
125
IV. Rightful Termination of the Contract of Employment (İş Sözleşmesinin Haklı Nedenle Feshi) 
126
A. General 
126
B. Termination of the Contract by Employees 
127
1. Health issues 
127
2. Situations that are against the moral rules and good faith 
127
3. Act of providence 
128
C. Termination of the Contract by Employers 
128
1. Health issues 
128
2. Situations that are against the moral rules and good faith 
129
3. Act of providence 
130
4. Absence due to an arrestdetention 
130
V. Results of the Termination of the Contract of Employment 
131
A. Severance Pay (Kıdem Tazminatı) 
131
B. Pay in Lieu of Notice (İhbar Tazminatı) 
132
C. Payment of Annual Paid Leave (Yıllık Ücretli İzin Ücreti) 
132
D. Reemployment Lawsuit (İşe İade Davası) 
133
SECTION IV LABOUR JUDICIARY 
133
I. General 
133
II. Competence and Venue 
134
A. Competence (Görev) 
134
B. Venue (Yetki) 
134
III. Procedure 
135
A. Mandatory Mediation (Zorunlu Arabuluculuk) 
135
B. Trials (Yargılama) 
135
Bibliography 
137
Chapter 5
TURKISH COLLECTIVE LABOUR LAW
 Prof. Dr. M. Refik KORKUSUZ Res. Asst. Muhammed İsmail ÇEKİÇ Res. Asst. Didem YALÇINTAŞ 
139
SECTION I UNIONS 
140
I. The Concept of Union and Its Structure 
140
A. Definition and Features of Unions 
140
B. Formation of Unions 
141
C. Membership of Unions 
142
D. Organs of Unions 
143
II. Trade Union Freedom 
144
A. Trade Union Freedom and Its Features 
144
B. Protection of Trade Union Freedom 
145
1. Safeguards Provided for Workers’ Organization Officials (İşçi Kuruluşu Yöneticiliğinin Güvencesi) 
145
2. Protection of Shop Stewards (İşyeri Sendika Temsilciliğinin Güvencesi) 
146
3. Safeguards Provided for Trade Union Membership 
147
SECTION II COLLECTIVE LABOUR AGREEMENT 
147
I. Definition and Properties of Collective Labour Agreements 
147
II. Types of Collective Labour Agreements 
148
A. Workplace Collective Labour Agreement 
148
B. Group Collective Labour Agreement 
149
C. Enterprise Collective Labour Agreement 
149
D. Framework Agreement 
149
III. Capacity and Competence to Conclude a Collective Labour Agreement 
150
IV. Collective Bargaining Process (Toplu Görüşme Süreci) 
151
A. Invitation to Collective Bargaining 
151
B. Negotiations 
152
V. Strikes, Lock–Outs and Their Exceptions 
153
A. Decision to StrikeLock–out 
153
B. Strike Ballot 
154
C. Prohibition and Suspension of Strikes and Lock–Outs 
155
D. Execution of Strikes and Lock–Outs 
156
E. Effects of Lawful StrikesLock–Outs on Individual Employment Contracts 
156
F. Consequences of an Unlawful StrikeLock–Out 
157
G. Termination of Strikes and Lock–Outs 
157
Bibliography 
159
Chapter 6
TURKISH SOCIAL SECURITY LAW
Prof. Dr. M. Refik KORKUSUZ Res. Asst. Ebru KARABACAK 
161
SECTION I INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SECURITY LAW 
161
I. Concept of Social Insurance 
161
II. Models Affecting Social Security Perception 
162
A. The Bismarck Model 
162
B. Beveridge Model 
163
C. Private Insurance Model 
163
III. Techniques Used For Social Insurance 
163
IV. Attributes of Social Insurance 
164
V. The Social Insurance Institution 
164
VI. Financing of Social Security 
165
SECTION II FIELD OF APPLICATION OF SOCIAL INSURANCES 
168
I. Field of Application in Terms of Persons 
168
A. Individuals Who Are Deemed to be Insured 
168
1. Insurance of Individuals Working Dependently 
168
2. Insurance of Independent Workers 
171
3. Insurance of Public Servants 
172
4. Insurance of Foreigners 
173
B. Insurance Holders Who Are Deemed Partly Insured 
174
C. Individuals Who Are Not Deemed to be Insurance Holders 
177
II. Notification of the Beginning of Insurance 
178
III.Determination of Insurance by Judicial Decision (Service Detection Actions) 
181
IV. Overlap of Insurance Situations 
182
V. Consolidation of Insurance Periods 
183
VI. Voluntary Insurance 
184
A. General 
184
B. ments for Voluntary Insurance 
185
C. Principles of Voluntary Insurance 
186
D. Termination of Voluntary Insurance 
186
VII. Scope of Application in Terms of Location 
186
SECTION III TYPES OF SOCIAL INSURANCE 
187
I. Work Accident and Occupational Disease Insurance 
187
II. Illness Insurance 
191
III. Maternity Insurance 
191
IV. Invalidity Insurance 
192
V. Old–Age Insurance 
193
VI. Survivors’ Insurance 
193
VII. Unemployment Insurance 
194
VIII. General Health Insurance 
195
SECTION IV RIGHT OF RECOURSE IN SOCIAL SECURITY LAW 
195
SECTION V SERVICE OWING 
197
I. Periods That Can Be Owed 
198
A. Unpaid Maternity Leave Periods and Postnatal Periods 
199
B. Military Service Period 
200
C. Incomplete Periods of Those Who Work Under a Part–Time Employment Contract 
200
II. Principles 
201
III. Owing Services Abroad 
201
SECTION VI SOCIAL ASSISTANCE AND SERVICES 
202
I. Social Assistance 
202
II. Social Services 
203
III. Nongovernmental Organizations and Social Security 
203
SECTION VII PRIVATE PENSION SYSTEM 
204
Bibliography 
206
Chapter 7
TURKISH LAW ON OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
 Prof. Dr. M. Refik KORKUSUZ Asst. Prof. Dr. M. Halit KORKUSUZ 
209
SECTION I TASKS OF THE STATE 
209
I. Importance of Ensuring Occupational Health and Safety 
209
II. Constitutional Basis of Occupational Health and Safety 
209
III. Occupational Health and Safety Regulations 
210
IV. National Council of Occupational Health and Safety 
210
V. Insurance Premium Reinforcement System 
210
VI. Inspection of Occupational Health and Safety 
210
SECTION II EMPLOYERS’ DUTIES AND ORGANIZATION OF THE WORKSITE 
211
I. Employers’ Duties 
211
A. Duty to Take All Necessary Precautions 
211
B. Duty to Supervise 
211
C. Dutyof Training and Informing 
211
D. Dutyto Perform Risk Assessment 
212
E. Dutyto Perform Healthcare Supervision 
212
F. Duty to Report Work Accident and Record Keeping 
213
G. Other Duties 
213
II. Organization of the Worksite about Occupational Health and Safety 
213
A. Committee of Occupational Health and Safety (İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Kurulu) 
213
B. Occupational Safety Experts (İş Güvenliği Uzmanları) 
214
C. Occupational Physicians (İşyeri Hekimleri) 
214
D. Worksite Health and Safety Unit (İşyeri Sağlık ve Güvenlik Birimi) and Health and Safety Joint Unit (Ortak Sağlık ve Güvenlik Birimi) 
215
SECTION III EMPLOYEES’ RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS 
215
I. Employees’ Rights 
215
A. Right to Abstain from Work 
216
B. Right to Participate 
217
C. Right to File a Complaint to Administrative Authorities (İhbar Hakkı) 
217
D. Right to Terminate the Employment Contract with Valid Reason 
218
II. Employees’ Duties 
218
SECTION IV OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY SANCTIONS 
219
I. Administrative Sanctions 
219
A. Administrative Fines 
220
B. Suspension of the work 
220
C. Disqualification from tendering 
220
II. Penal Sanctions 
220
III.Legal Sanctions 
221
Bibliography 
222
Chapter 8
TURKISH LAW OF COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISE
 Res. Asst. Emin ÇAMURCU 
223
SECTION I COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISE 
223
I. Elements of Commercial Enterprise 
224
A. Aiming to Produce an Income Higher Than the Artisan Enterprise 
224
B. Continuity 
224
C. Independence 
224
II. Contracts Related with Commercial Enterprises 
225
SECTION II NOTIONS RELATED TO COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISE 
225
I. Merchant 
225
A. Identifying a Merchant 
226
1. Natural Persons 
226
2. Legal Persons 
226
B. Consequences of Being a Merchant 
227
1. Bankruptcy 
227
2. Role of Commercial Usage and Custom 
227
3. Impossibility to Request Reduction of the FeeContractual Penalty 
228
4. Right to Demand Payment of a Remuneration and Interest 
228
II. Commercial Affair (Ticari İş) 
228
A. Presumption of Commercial Affair 
229
B. Consequences of Qualifying an Affair as Commercial Affair 
230
1. Presumption of Joint Liability 
230
2. Interest in Commercial Affairs 
230
3. Statute of Limitation Periods in Commercial Affairs 
231
III. Commercial Clauses 
231
IV. Merchant Assistants 
233
A. Commercial Representative (Ticari Temsilci) 
233
B. Commercial Delegate (Ticari Vekil) 
234
C. Agent (Acente) 
235
Bibliography 
238
Chapter 9
TURKISH COMPANY LAW
 Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ferna İPEKEL KAYALI 
239
SECTION I OVERVIEW OF COMPANY LAW IN TURKEY 
239
I. General 
239
II. Commercial Companies 
240
SECTION II CAPITAL COMPANIES 
241
I. Joint Stock Companies 
241
A. General Assembly 
242
B. Board of Directors 
247
C. Shareholders’ Rights 
250
1. Personal Rights of the Shareholders 
250
a. Right of participation in the GM: 
250
b. Right to vote: 
250
c. Right to information and examination: 
250
d. Right to request the appointment of special audit: 
251
e. Right to request the nullity of GM resolutions: 
252
2. Financial Rights of the Shareholders 
252
D. Share Transfer 
252
II. Limited Liability Companies 
253
A. General Assembly 
254
B. Directors 
257
C. Share Transfer 
258
Bibliography 
259
Chapter 10
TURKISH LAW OF NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS
 Res. Asst. Hasan Onur AKAY 
261
SECTION I GENERAL 
261
I. Definition and Legislation 
261
II. Elements and Characteristics of Negotiable Instruments 
262
A. Elements of Negotiable Instruments 
262
B. Characteristics of Negotiable Instruments 
263
III. Classification of Negotiable Instruments 
263
A. Classification Based on the Right Embodied in the Instrument 
264
1. Instruments Embodying a Monetary Claim (Alacak Senetleri) 
264
2. Commodity Instruments (Emtia Senetleri) 
264
3. Equity/Share Instruments (Pay Senetleri) 
264
4. Instruments That Serve to Participate in Capital Companies (Ortaklığa Katılma Senetleri) 
264
5. Combined Instruments (Karma Nitelikli Senetler) 
265
B. Classification Based on the Transfer Procedure of the Instrument 
265
1. Registered Negotiable Instruments (Nama Yazılı Kıymetli Evrak) 
265
2. Negotiable Instruments Payable to Order (Emre Yazılı Kıymetli Evrak) 
265
3. Negotiable Instruments Payable to Bearer (Hamile/Hamiline Yazılı Kıymetli Evrak) 
266
SECTION II COMMERCIAL PAPERS 
266
I. General 
266
II. Bills of Exchange 
267
A. Form of a Bill of Exchange 
267
B. Transfer of Bills of Exchange 
268
C. Acceptance (Kabul) 
270
D. Recourse for Non–AcceptanceNon–Payment 
271
E. Period of Limitation 
271
III. Promissory Notes 
271
A. General 
271
B. Form of a Promissory Note 
272
C. Period of Limitation 
272
IV. Checks 
273
A. General 
273
B. Form of a Check 
273
C. Period of Presentation 
275
D. Transfer of Checks 
276
E. Recourse for Non–AcceptanceNon–Payment 
276
F. Period of Limitation 
276
Bibliography 
277
Chapter 11
TURKISH MARITIME LAW
 Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hacı KARA 
279
SECTION I SOURCES OF TURKISH MARITIME LAW AND THE STRUCTURE MARITIME ADMINISTRATION 
279
I. Sources of Turkish Maritime Law 
279
A. Turkish Commercial Code 
279
B. International Conventions 
280
C. Other National Legislation 
281
II. The Structure Turkish Maritime Administration 
282
SECTION II SHIP AND OWNERSHIP OF A SHIP 
284
I. Definition and Legal Nature of a Ship 
284
A. Definition 
285
B. The Legal Nature of a Ship 
286
C. Some Elements Determining the Identity of a Ship 
286
1. Name of the Ship 
286
2. Flag of the Ship 
287
a. General 
287
b. Vessels which have the right to hoist a Turkish flag 
287
ba. Ships owned by real persons 
287
bb. Ships owned by the association of ship owners 
287
bba. Ships owned legal entities 
288
bbb. Ships owned by commercial companies 
288
c. Temporary hoisting of a foreign flag by Turkish vessels 
288
d. Temporary hoisting of a Turkish flag by foreign vessels 
288
3. Ship’s (Vessel’s) Home Port 
289
4. Ship’s Tonnage 
289
5. Ship’s Class 
289
6. Ship Registry 
290
a. National Ship Registry 
290
aa. Ship Registry Directorate 
290
ab. Scope of the Registry 
291
aba. Ships which can lawfully be registered with the Ship Registry 
291
abb. Ships which cannot be registered with the Ship Registry 
291
b. Registry for Ships under Construction 
291
c. Turkish International Ship Registry (TISR) 
292
ca. ments to register in the TISR 
292
cb. Financial Rules relating to TISR 
293
cba. Dues regarding vessels registered with the TISR 
293
cbb. Financial facilities provided to vessels registered with the TISR 
293
d. Mooring Log 
295
II. Ownership of a Vessel 
295
A. Exercitor Navis (Donatan) 
295
1. Cases Which Result in the Liability of the Owner 
295
a. Owner’s Liability Arising from the Fault of the Crew Members 
295
b. Owner’s Liability Arising from the Transactions Carried out by the Master 
295
c. Limitation of the Master’s Liability 
296
2. Owner’s Liability for Tortious Acts 
296
3. Authorized Court for Actions to Be Filed Against the Owner 
296
B. Ship Operator (Disponent Owner) 
296
C. Partnership Operating a Ship (Joint Ownership) 
296
III. Limited Real Rights on Ships 
296
A. Ship Pledge 
296
1. The Pledge of not Registered Ships in Ship Registry 
296
2. Pledge of Ships Registered in the Registry 
297
a. Legal Mortgage Right of Shipyard Owner 
297
aa. Deion 
297
ab. Scope 
297
ac. Duration 
297
b. Contractual Mortgage Right 
297
B. Ship Mortgage 
298
1. Legal Nature 
298
3. Establishment 
298
4. Types of Mortgage 
298
a. Ship Mortgage Together 
298
b. Upper Limit Mortgage 
298
c. Foreign Currency Mortgage 
298
d. Fixed Value Mortgage 
299
e. Mortgage of Negotiable Instruments 
299
f. Building Mortgage 
299
5. The Secured Receivables by Ship Mortgage 
299
6. Scope of Mortgage 
300
7. Assignment and ment of Ship Mortgage 
300
9. End of Ship Mortgage 
300
a. Expiration of Receivable 
300
b. Waiver to Claimant’s 
300
c. Merger of the creditor and the ownerthe creditor and debtor adjectives in the same person 
301
d. In the Mortgage of the Ship Together Payment of the Owner to the Creditor 
301
e. Be Timebared of Right of the Creditor's Against the Ship Owner 
301
f. Sale of the Ship through Execution 
301
III. Mortgages on Ships in Construction 
301
1. Subject of the Mortgage 
301
2. Establisment of Mortgage 
302
IV. Usufruct Right on Ships 
302
SECTION III MASTER 
302
I. General 
302
II. Master’s Duties 
303
III. Master’s Powers 
304
A. To Represent the Owner 
304
1. When the Ship is at the Home Port 
304
2. Whilst the Ship is Outside the Home Port 
304
B. Credit Transactions 
305
C. Undertaking for Foreign Exchanges 
305
D. LimitationsRemoval of the Master’s Power of Representation 
305
E. Master’s Power to Represent the Persons Interested with the Cargo 
305
1. Duty to Protect the Interests of the Persons Interested with the Cargo 
305
2. Master’s Power to Dispose of the Goods 
306
IV. Master’s Duties and Rights 
306
A. Duties AgainstThird Parties 
306
B. Duties Against the Owner 
307
1. Duty to Give Information to the Owner 
307
2. Duty to Hand Over the Freight and Other Sums to the Owner 
307
3. Prohibition to Load Cargo on His Own Account 
307
SECTION IV MARITIME TRADE CONTRACTS 
307
I. Bareboat Charter Party 
308
A. Definition and Its Elements 
308
1. Definition 
308
2. Elements of the Definition 
308
B. Provisions of the Bareboat Charter 
309
1. Rights of the Charterer 
309
a. Right to use the ship 
309
b. Right to request the registration of the charter in the ship registry 
309
c. Right to request the delivery of the chartered vessel 
309
2. Obligations of the Charterer 
309
a. Obligation to pay the rent 
309
b. Employment of the seamen 
309
c. Reimbursement of the expenditures 
310
d. Insurance 
310
e. Claims arising from the operation of the ship 
310
f. Re–delivery of the vessel 
310
II. Time Charter Party 
310
A. Definition and Its Elements 
310
1. Definition 
310
2. Legal Nature 
311
3. Elements of the Definition 
312
B. Rights and Obligations of the Parties 
312
1. To undertake the technical management of the ship 
312
2. Commercial management of the ship 
312
3. To meet the outgoings 
313
C. Obligation to pay a fee and its guarantee 
313
D. Liability of the allocated party and his obligation to deliver the ship 
313
III. Contract of Affreightment 
313
A. Definition and Types of Affreightment Contracts 
314
1. Definition 
314
2. Types 
314
a. Voyage Charter 
314
aa. Full Charter 
314
ab. Partial Charter 
314
b. Contracts in Liner Shipping 
314
B. Main Freight Contracts and Sub–Freight Contracts 
315
C. Parties to the Affreightment Contract 
315
1. Carrier 
315
2. Charterer 
315
D. Other Persons Interested with the Cargo 
316
1. Shipper 
316
2. Consignee (Receiver) 
316
E. Execution of the Carriage and Its Phases 
317
1. Loading 
317
a. Loading Place 
317
b. Loading Period 
317
ba. Calculation of the Loading Period 
317
bb. Cases which are not accepted as loading period 
317
c. Demurrage Period 
318
d. Loading Expenses 
318
2. Discharge 
318
a. Discharge Expenses 
318
b. Discharge Period 
319
c. Non–discharge of the cargo 
319
F. Liability of the Carrier 
320
1. Liability for the Irregularities Occurred at the Outset 
320
2. Liability of the Carrier for Loss ofDamage to Cargofor Late Delivery 
320
3. Special Situations 
321
a. Loading the cargo to another ship and transhipment 
321
b. Loading onto deck without permission 
321
c. Unjust deviation 
321
4. Duration for Which the Carrier is Liable 
321
G. Carriage Documents 
322
1. Bill of Lading (B/L) 
322
2. Sea Waybill 
322
H. Duration for Acceptance of Delay and the Loss of Goods 
323
IV. Contract of Carriage of Passengers 
323
A. Definitions 
323
1. Contract of Carriage of Passengers by Sea 
323
2. Carrier and Actual Carrier 
323
3. Passenger 
324
4. Baggage 
324
5. Defects of the Ship 
324
B. Time Bar 
324
SECTION V MARINE ACCIDENTS 
325
I. General Average 
325
A. Definitions and Its Elements 
325
1. Definition 
325
2. Elements of General Average 
326
B. Substitution Expenses 
326
C. Dispatch 
326
1. The person responsible for making the dispatch 
327
2. Determination of the Dispatcher 
327
3. Opposition to the dispatch 
327
D. Debtors of the Dispatch Shares and Security 
327
1. Debtors of the Dispatch Shares 
327
2. Guarantee 
327
E. Time Bar 
328
II. Collision 
328
A. Definition of Collision and Its Types 
328
1. Definition 
328
2. Types of Collision 
328
a. Collision without fault 
328
b. Collision by fault 
328
ba. Collision by unilateral fault 
328
bb. Collision by bilateral fault 
329
c. Comparative Collision 
329
B. Damages to Be Indemnified as a Result of Collision 
329
1. Material Damages 
329
2. Bodily Damages 
330
C. Time Bar 
330
III. Salvage 
330
A. Definitions 
331
1. Salvage Operation 
331
2. Water Vehicle 
331
3. Goods 
331
B. Salvage Contract 
331
1. Salvage Contract and its Scope 
331
2. The Provisions Which Could Not Be Changed 
332
C. Obligations of the Parties 
332
1. Obligations of the Salvor 
332
2. Obligations of the Ownerthe Master of the Ship Under Danger and the Cargo Owners 
332
D. Salvage Fee 
333
1. Scope of the Salvage Fee 
333
2. Criteria for the Determination of the Salvage Fee 
333
3. Persons Liable for Salvage Fee 
334
E. Time Bar 
334
SECTION VI MARITIME LIENS AND ENFORCEMENT 
335
I. Maritime Liens 
335
A. Notion of Maritime Lien 
335
B. Claims Granting a Right of Maritime Lien 
336
II. Maritime Enforcement 
336
A. Maritime Claims 
337
B. Taking Maritime Claims under Guarantee 
338
1. Precautionary Attachment 
338
2. Conditions Applicable to the Precautionary Attachment 
339
C. Competent Court 
339
1. About the precautionary attachment decision 
339
a. Before filing a lawsuit 
339
aa. For Turkish flag vessels 
339
ab. For foreign flag vessels 
340
b. After filing a lawsuit 
340
2. About the Oppositions to the Lien 
340
3. About the Enforcement 
340
4. About the Indemnity Action filed due to Unjust Precautionary Attachment 
341
D. The Claimant’s Guarantee 
341
SECTION VII LIMITATION OF LIABILITY AND COMPENSATION OF LOSSES ARISING FROM OIL POLLUTION 
342
I. Liability For Sea Pollution 
342
II. Limitation of Liability 
342
Bibliography 
343
Chapter 12
TURKISH INSURANCE LAW
 Res. Asst. Sena YAZICI 
347
SECTION I INTRODUCTION 
347
SECTION II THE INSURANCE ACT (LAW NO. 5684) 
348
I. Insurance and Reinsurance Companies (Sigorta ve Reasürans Şirketleri) 
348
II. Intermediaries (Sigorta Aracıları) 
349
III. Supervision 
350
IV. Assurance Account (Güvence Hesabı) 
350
V. Insurance Arbitration Scheme (Sigorta Tahkim Sistemi) 
350
SECTION III INSURANCE CONTRACTS 
352
I. General Provisions 
352
A. Obligations and Duties of the Insurer 
353
1. Obligation to carry the risk 
353
2. Pre–contractual information duty 
354
3. Obligation to issue and deliver policy 
355
4. Obligation to pay expenses 
355
5. Obligation to pay indemnity 
355
B. Obligations and Duties of the Insured 
356
1. Obligation to pay premium 
356
2. Duty of disclosure 
356
3. Duty to Provide Information and to Allow Investigation 
357
4. Duty to Prevent LossIncrease in Loss 
358
II. Special Provisions 
358
A. Indemnity Insurances (Zarar Sigortaları) 
359
1. Property Insurance (Mal Sigortası) 
359
2. Liability Insurance (SorumlulukSigortası) 
360
B. Personal Insurances (Can Sigortaları) 
361
1. Life Insurance (Hayat Sigortası) 
361
2. Accident Insurance (Kaza Sigortası) 
362
3. Sickness Insurance and Health Insurance (Hastalık ve Sağlık Sigortası) 
362
Bibliography 
363
Chapter 13
TURKISH INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW
 Asst. Prof. Dr. Özgür ARIKAN 
365
SECTION 1 TRADE MARK LAW 
366
I. Definition and Registrability of Trade Mark 
367
II. Persons Who Are Entitled to Protection 
368
III. Functions of Trade Mark 
368
IV. Registration of Trade Mark 
369
V. Absolute and Relative Grounds for Refusal 
370
VI. Trade Mark Protection 
373
VII. Duration of Trade Mark Registration 
375
SECTION 2 PATENT LAW 
375
I. Patentability 
376
II. Registration, Grant and Ownership of Patent 
377
III. Employee Inventions 
378
IV. Duration 
380
V. Protection of Patent 
380
SECTION 3 DESIGN LAW 
381
I. Definition and Registrability of Design 
381
II. Protection of Design 
382
III. Duration of Design Protection 
383
IV. Right to the Design and Employee Designs 
383
Bibliography 
384
Chapter 14
TURKISH COMPETITION LAW
 Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ferna İPEKEL KAYALI 
385
I. GENERAL 
385
A. Competition Authority 
385
1. Competition Board 
386
2. Legal Nature and Judicial Review of the Decisions of the Competition Board 
387
B. Sources of Competition Law 
387
C. Relationship Between Competition Law and Unfair Competition 
387
II. AGREEMENTS, DECISIONS AND CONCERTED PRACTICES RESTRICTING COMPETITION 
388
A. Agreements, Concerted Practices and Decisions of Associations of Undertakings 
388
1. Agreement 
389
2. Concerted Practice 
390
3. Decision of an Association of Undertakings 
391
a. Association of Undertakings 
391
b. Decision of an Association of Undertakings 
391
B. Examples of Anti–Competitive Agreements 
392
C. Exemption 
393
III. ABUSE OF DOMINANT POSITION 
395
A. Dominant Position 
395
B. Examples of Abuse of Dominant Position 
396
IV. MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS 
397
A. Transactions Treated as Mergers and Acquisitions 
397
1. Mergers 
397
2. Acquisitions 
398
3. Joint Ventures 
400
a.Full–Function Joint Ventures 
401
b.Non Full–Function Joint Ventures 
401
B. Authorization System 
402
V. PRIVATE ENFORCEMENT OF COMPETITION LAW 
403
Bibliography 
407
Chapter 15
TURKISH CIVIL PROCEDURE LAW
 Res. Asst. Dr. Elif Irmak BÜYÜK 
411
I. General 
411
II. Competence and Venue: Where to Commence an Action 
412
A. Jurisdictional Branches and Court Organization 
412
B. Competence and Venue 
413
III. Lawsuit 
415
A. General 
415
B. Parties 
416
C. Phases of a Lawsuit 
417
1. Exchange of Petitions (Pleading) Phase (DilekçelerAşaması) 
417
2. Preliminary Investigation Phase (Ön İnceleme Aşaması) 
419
3. Investigation Phase (Tahkikat) 
420
a. Evidence 
420
4. Oral Hearings and Rendering of the Verdict (Sözlü Yargılama ve Hükmün Verilmesi) 
422
IV. Interim Measures (Geçici Hukuki Korumalar) 
423
V. Legal Avenues (Kanun Yolu) 
424
A. General 
424
B. Appeal Procedure in the CCP No 6100 
426
C. Appeal Procedure in the –former– CCP No 1086 
429
VI. Arbitration 
430
A. General 
430
B. Arbitration Agreement 
431
1. General 
431
2. Written Form 
432
3. Subject 
432
C. Effect of the Arbitration Agreement 
432
D. Arbitration Procedure 
432
1. Commencing of Arbitration 
432
2. Term of Arbitration 
433
3. Termination of the Arbitration Proceeding 
433
E. Action for Annulment 
434
VII. Mediation 
435
A. General 
435
B. Scope of the Law on Mediation in Civil Disputes 
436
C. Basic Principles 
436
1. Voluntary Participation and Equality 
436
2. Confidentiality 
437
3. Inability to Use Statements and Documents 
437
D. Mediation Activity 
437
E. Completion of Mediation 
440
F. Enforceability 
440
G. Mandatory Mediation in Turkish Law 
441
Bibliography 
443
Chapter 16
TURKISH EXECUTION LAW
 Nefise Gökçen GÜRCAN Res. Asst. Çağatay Serdar ŞAHİN 
445
SECTION I GENERAL FEATURES OF EXECUTION LAW 
445
I. Introduction 
445
II. Scope of Application 
446
III. Basic Concepts and Organization of Turkish Execution Law 
447
A. Credit–Debt and Creditor–Debtor in the EBC 
447
B. Executive Organization 
447
1. Execution Offices (Art. 1 EBC) (İcra Daireleri) 
448
2. Execution Courts (Art. 4 EBC) (İcra Mahkemeleri) 
448
3. Relevant Chambers of the Supreme Court 
449
IV. Complaint Procedure (Art. 16 – 18 EBC) (Şikâyet) 
450
A. Legal Character and Function of the Complaint Procedure 
450
B. Grounds for Complaint 
451
1. Unlawfulness of the Actions of Execution Offices 
451
2. Inappropriateness of the Act to the Circumstances 
451
3. Failure to Implement a Right 
452
4. Impediment of Observance of a Right Without a Cause 
452
C. Procedure 
452
1. Limitation Period 
452
2. Competence and Venue 
453
SECTION II TYPES AND STAGES OF EXECUTION PROCEEDINGS 
453
I. Types of Execution Proceedings 
453
A. General 
453
B. General Attachment Procedure (Art. 46–144 EBC) (Genel Haciz Yoluyla Takip) 
454
1. Request for Execution (Art. 58 EBC) (TakipTalebi) 
455
2. Order of Payment (Art. 60–61 EBC) (ÖdemeEmri) 
455
3. Attachment (Art. 78 et seq. EBC) 
456
4. Sale of the Attached Goods (Art. 106–137 EBC) 
457
5. Reimbursement of the Creditor (Art. 138–144/a EBC) 
458
II. Provisional Attachment Procedure (İhtiyati Haciz) 
458
A. General 
458
B. Definition and Legal Character of Provisional Attachment 
458
C. Conditions of Provisional Attachment 
459
1. Provisional Attachment for Due Debts 
459
2. Provisional Attachment for Deferred Debts 
459
D. Procedure 
460
Bibliography 
462
Chapter 17
TURKISH BANKRUPTCY LAW
 Res. Asst. Mehmet Akif GÜL 
463
SECTION I TURKISH BANKRUPTCY LAW 
463
I. General 
463
II. Bankruptcy Bodies 
464
A. Official Bodies 
464
1. Fundamental Official Bodies 
465
a. Execution Office 
465
b. Bankruptcy Office 
465
c. Execution Court 
465
d. Commercial Court of First Instance 
466
e. Court of Appeal 
466
2. Subsidiary Official Bodies 
466
B. Non–Official Bodies 
466
III. Grounds for Bankruptcy 
466
SECTION II ACTION FOR RESCISSION OF DISPOSITION – ACTIO PAULIANA (TASARRUFUN İPTALİ DAVASI) 
469
Bibliography 
471
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