1. DERIVATIVES MARKETS
21
1.1. Development of Commodity Derivatives Markets
25
1.2. Development of Financial Derivatives Markets
32
1.3. Major Commodity Derivatives Markets
38
1.3.2. London Metal Exchange (LME)
40
1.3.3. Minneapolis Grain Exchange (MGE)
41
1.3.4. Intercontinental Exchange (ICE)
42
1.3.5. European Energy Exchange (EEX Group)
43
1.3.6. Tokyo Commodity Exchange (TOCOM)
43
1.3.7. Multi Commodity Exchange of India Limited (MCX)
44
1.3.8. Dalian Commodity Exchange (DCE)
46
1.4. Over The Counter (OTC) Markets
46
1.5. Clearinghouse in Derivatives Markets
48
1.6. Market Makers in Derivatives Markets
50
1.7. Quotes in Derivatives Markets
50
1.8. Derivatives Markets in Turkey
51
2.2. Futures Market Orders
62
2.4.1. Pricing Perishable Commodity Futures Contracts.
68
2.4.2. Pricing Storable Commodity Futures Contracts
69
2.4.3. Pricing Financial Futures Contracts
72
2.4.3.1. Pricing Stock Index Futures Contracts
72
2.4.3.2. Pricing of Currency Futures Contracts
77
2.4.3.3. Pricing of Fixed–Income Securities Contracts
78
2.5. Hedging with Futures Contracts
79
2.5.3. Hedging against Currency Risk
83
2.5.5. Micro/Macro Hedge
86
2.5.6. Strip/Stack Hedge
87
2.5.7. Hedging by Minimizing Risk / Hedge Ratio
88
2.6. Investing in Commodity Futures Contracts
91
2.7. Crypto Futures Contracts
99
3.2. Option Positions
108
3.2.5. In the Money, at the Money, out of the Money
117
3.3. Position and Transaction Limits
117
3.4. Option Strategies
118
3.4.2. Short Straddle
122
3.4.4. Short Strangle
127
3.4.5. Bull Spread with Calls
128
3.4.6. Bear Spread with Calls
131
3.4.7. Bull Spread with Puts
133
3.4.8. Bear Spread with Puts
134
3.4.9. Butterfly Spread Long Call
135
3.4.10. Butterfly Spread Short Call
139
3.4.11. Butterfly Spread Put Long
140
3.4.12. Butterfly Spread Short Put
143
3.4.13. Option Combinations and Option Returns
144
3.5. Factors Affecting the Price of an Option
146
3.6. Black–Scholes Option Pricing Model
148
3.8. Real Estate–Based Option Contracts
155
4. OTHER DERIVATIVES PRODUCTS LINKED TO COMMODITIES
159
4.2. Commodity Futures Options
160
4.4. Commodity–Linked Debt Instruments
162
5.1. Interest Rate Swaps
166
5.3. Foreign Exchange Swaps
170
5.4. Credit Default Swaps
175