CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Turkish
1. Turkish Commercial Law
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1.1. Turkish Commercial Code Law No. 6102
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1.2. Relation Of The TCC, TCL, And TCO
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1.3. Turkish Protection of Competition Code Law No. 4054 (TCPC)
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1.4. Turkish Capital Market Law No. 6362 (TCML)
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1.5. Turkish Law of Checks Law No. 5941 (TLC)
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CHAPTER 2 Commercial Enterprise in Turkish Commercial Law
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1. Commercial Enterprıse And Its Factors
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1.1. Exceeding The Limits Of A Craftsperson’s Income
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1.2. Aim To Gain Income
35
2. Centre And Branch Offıces
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CHAPTER 3 Commercial Matters Commercial Provisions Commercial Litigation
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1.1. Determining Commercial Matters
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1.1.1. Matters Regulated by the TCC
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1.1.2. Matters Related with Commercial Enterprises
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1.1.3. Presumption of Commercial Matters
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1.1.4. Matters That Are Commercıal For One Of The Parties
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1.2. Results of Commercial Matters
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1.2.1. Presumption Of Solidarity
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1.2.2. Interest In Commercial Matters
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1.2.3. Exceedıng The Maximum Upper Limit In Commercial Matters
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1.2.4. Lapse Of Time In Commercial Matters
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2. Commercial Provisions
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2.1. Provisions That Can Be Applied To Commercial Matters
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2.1.1. Statutory Provisions Of Law
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2.1.2. Contractual Provisions
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2.1.3. Complementary Commercial Provision
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2.1.4. Commercial Usage and Custom
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2.1.5. General Provisions
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3. Commercial Litigation
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3.1.1. Peremptory Commercial Cases
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3.1.2. Proportional Commercial Cases
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3.2. Commercial Courts in the Turkish Legal System
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1. Natural Person Traders
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1.1. Existence Of A Commercial Enterprise
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1.2. Operating A Commercial Enterprise
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1.3.Perating Commercial Enterprises On Behalf Of Oneself
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2. Special Provisions On Natural Person Traders
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2.1. Traders As MinorsUnder The Care Of A Guardian
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2.2. People Debarred From Commerce
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3. Corporate Legal Person Traders
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3.1. Commercial Companies As Traders
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3.2. Associations That Operate Commercial Companies
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3.3. Other Institutions
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4. Provisions And Results Of Traders
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4.3. Registering With The Trade Registry
66
4.4.Maintainıng Commercial Books
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4.5. Actıng As A “Prudent Businessperson”
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4.6. Denunciations And Notices
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4.7.Presumption Of Commercial Affairs
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4.8.Right To Ask For Payment And Interest
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4.9. Invoices And Confirmation Letters
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4.10. Decreases Of Payments And Contracts
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4.11. Provision Of The Right Of Lien
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4.12. Registering To Related Chambers
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4.13.Trade Usage And Custom
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CHAPTER 5 Assistants Of Traders
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1. Dependent Trader Assistants
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1.1. Commercial Representatives
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1.2. Commercial Deputies
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1.3. Marketing Associates
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1.3.1. Obligations Of Marketing Associates
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1.3.1.1. Following Instructions
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1.3.1.2. Prohibition From Competition
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1.3.1.3. Rendering Information
83
1.3.1.4. Lack Of Warranty Obligations
83
1.3.1.5. Working In Commercial Enterprises —Workplace
84
1.3.2. Marketing Associates’ Rights
85
1.3.2.1. Right To Payment
85
1.3.2.2. Right To Monopoly
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1.3.2.3. Right To Ask For Expenses
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1.3.2.4. Right of Lien
87
1.3.3. End of Marketing Associate Contracts
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1.3.3.1. Special Results
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2. Independent Trader Assistants
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2.1.1. Payment of Fees
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2.1.2. Termination of Intermedıary Contracts
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2.2.1. Competences of Agents
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2.2.1.1. Transactions and rights–protecting statements
94
2.2.1.2. Competences in courts and litigations
94
2.2.1.3. Transactions with permissionprocuration
94
2.2.1.4. Transactions with permissionprocuration
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2.2.2. Agents’ Obligations
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2.2.2.1. Protecting Traders’ Interests
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2.2.2.2. Liability For Damages
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2.2.2.3. Notification Of Clients
96
2.2.2.4. Taking Precautions
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2.2.3. Rights Of Agents
98
2.2.3.1. Right To Remuneration
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2.2.3.2. Extraordinary Expenses and Interest
101
2.2.3.3. Right To Lien
101
2.2.4. Obligations of Client Traders
102
2.2.5. Termination Of The Agency Contract
103
2.2.7. Prohibition Of Compensation
106
2.3.1. Commissioners In The TCO
108
2.3.1.1. Obligations of Commissioners In the TCO
109
2.3.1.2. Rights of Commissioners In the TCO
109
2.3.2. Commissioners In The TCC
111
2.3.2.1. Obligations Of Freight Forwards In The TCC
111
2.3.2.2. Rights Of Freight Forwards
112
CHAPTER 6 Commercial Books Trade Registry
CHAPTER 7 Trade Name Commercial Enterprise
1.2. Forms Of Trade Names
126
1.2.1. Trade Names Of Natural Person Traders
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1.2.2. Trade Names Of Legal Entıty Traders
126
1.2.2.1. Ordinary Partnerships
127
1.2.2.2. Collective Partnerships And Commandite Companies
127
1.2.2.3. Joint Stock, Limited, And Cooperatives
127
1.2.2.4. Associations, Foundations, and Associations of Ship–owners
128
1.2.3. Annexes of Trade Names
128
1.3. Continuity And Turnover Of Trade Names, And Branch Office Trade Names
129
1.4. Protection Of Trade Names
130
2. Commercial Enterprise Names
131
3.1. Protectıon of Trademark
133
CHAPTER 8 Investment, Intellectual
Property and Patent Rights
137
1. Two Important International Legal Documents
141
2. IP And Patent Rights In Turkish Domestic Law
143
3. Trademarks And Investment
144
4. Patents And Investments
149
5. Industrial Design And Investment
152
6. Geographical Indications And Investment
154
CHAPTER 9 A Brief Introduction to Unfair Competition
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1. Unfair Competition And Its Elements
157
2. Results Of Unfair Competition
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2.1.1. Declaratory Judgment Action
159
2.1.2. Actions To Prevent Unfair Competition
160
2.1.3. Action For Restitution
160
2.1.4. Actions For Compensation
160
2.2. Criminal Results
161
CHAPTER 10 Commercial Companies
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1. Ordinary Partnerships
165
1.1. Dissolution Of Ordinary Partnerships
167
2. Collective Partnerships
168
2.1. The Function Of Collective Partnerships
170
2.1.1. Right To Govern
170
2.1.2. Right To Pay Interest
171
2.1.3. Right To Audit
171
2.1.4. Sharing Of Profits And Losses
172
2.1.5. Prohibition Of Competition
172
2.2. Dissolution Of Collective Companies
173
3. Commandite Companies
174
4. Joint Stock Companies
178
4.1. Establishment Of Joint Stock Companies
178
4.2. Functioning Of Joint Stock Companies
179
4.2.1. BoD In Joint Stock Companies
179
4.2.1.1. BoD Duties And Powers In Joint Stock Companies
183
4.2.1.2. BoD Obligations In Joint Stock Companies
184
4.2.1.3. Bod Member Liabilities
188
4.2.2. Auditors in Joint Stock Companies
190
4.2.3. GA In Joint Stock Companies
194
4.2.3.1. General Provisions On GA Functioning
196
4.2.3.2. Right To Information
198
4.2.3.3. Right To Request Special Audit
199
4.2.3.4. Privileged Shares
200
4.2.3.5. Action To Nullity And Invalidity Of GA Decisions
203
4.2.3.6. Changing The Articles Of Association
204
4.2.3.7. Shares, Share Certificates, And Securities
205
4.2.3.8. Dissolution/Liquidation Of Joint Stock Companies
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5. Limited Partnerships Divided Into Shares
211
6.1. Rights And Duties Of Shareholders
215
6.2. Organs Of Limited Companies: GA And Managers
218
6.3. Dissolution and Liquidation of limited Companies
225
CHAPTER 11 Legal Framework of Company
1. Tcc, Merger, Takeover, Etc.
230
2. TCPC (Law No. 4054)
234
3. TCML (Law No. 6362)
237
CHAPTER 12 Outbound Acquisitions of
1. General Information And Procedures
245
2. Law On The Protection Of The Value Of The Turkish Currency (LPTC)
247
3. The Protection of the Value of Turkish Currency
248
5. Mutual Investment Incitement And Protection (MIIP) Treaties
252
6. Double Taxation Treaty (DTT)
253
CHAPTER 13 A Brief Introduction to
1. General Provisions
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2. Negotiable Instruments As Commercial Papers
261
2.1. Bills Of Exchange
261
2.1.2. Responsibilities Of Signatories And Issuers
262
2.2. Promissory Notes
263
2.2.1. Responsibilities Of Issuers
264
CHAPTER 14 A Brief Introduction to
Commercial Maritime Law
267
1. What is Commercial Maritime Law?
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2. Commercial Maritime Law in TCC
269
4. Maritime Trade Agreements
270
5. International Law and Commercial Maritime Law
271